Head mounted display

ABSTRACT

A head-mounted or helmet-mounted display apparatus is provided. The apparatus includes an optical element which in use is disposed in front of the eyes of a user. The optical element comprises a waveguide portion. The apparatus further includes a first light source and a second light source of image-bearing light. The apparatus further includes first diffraction element for propagation of image-bearing light of the first light source through the optical element. The apparatus further includes a second diffraction element for propagation of image-bearing light of the second light source through the optical element. The first light source and the second light source is disposed such that relative angular movement of the first light source and the second light source about an axis of symmetry of the optical element adjusts the inter-pupillary spacing of a first visible image and a second visible image presented to a respective eye of a user.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation application of U.S. Ser. No.13/266,986, filed Oct. 28, 2011, which is the National Phase ofPCT/GB2010/050683 filed Apr. 27, 2010 which claims the benefit ofpriority of Great Britain Patent Application No. GB 0907345.3 filed Apr.29, 2009 and European Patent Application No. EP 09275031.4 filed Apr.29, 2009, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein byreference.

This invention relates to a head-mounted display apparatus, in which adisplay is provided on a surface through which a wearer of the apparatusviews the outside world. Included in the term “head-mounted displayapparatus” are visors, goggles and spectacles worn directly on the head,and also such articles carried indirectly on the head by being mountedon a helmet, or other head gear. It also includes visors, goggles andviewing windows which are built into helmets or other head gear.

The invention is applicable to equipment worn by military personnel, inparticular infantrymen and crews of armoured fighting vehicles, aircrewand other airborne personnel (whether civil or military) who wearhelmets, divers, and other personnel to whom visual information must betransmitted under difficult conditions. Examples are fire-fighters andother emergency services personnel, and the police.

The invention may also be applicable to head-mounted virtual realitydisplay apparatus, in which a display is provided to a wearer of theapparatus via a surface which obscures his view of the outside world.

Prior art head-mounted display apparatus employs a flat waveguidebetween the user's eye and a visor of a helmet, which waveguide acts asa combiner and expands a pupil of image-bearing light to present animage to the user. These displays must be made small and compact becausethey must fit into the restricted space between the user's eye and thehelmet, and this can lead to cost and complexity.

In other known apparatus, images are projected onto the inner surface ofa visor and reflected from it so as to be visible to the wearer.

Precise positioning of the apparatus on the head is necessary for thesedevices to work. This is not always achievable especially when thehelmet may have to be donned quickly under field conditions, e.g. whenused by ground troops.

The present invention seeks to provide alternatives to these prior artsolutions, which may avoid some of the disadvantages thereof.

For example, disclosed is a head-mounted or helmet-mounted displayapparatus. The apparatus includes an optical element which in use isdisposed in front of the eyes of a user. The optical element comprises awaveguide portion. The apparatus further includes a first light sourceand a second light source of image-bearing light. The apparatus furtherincludes first diffraction means for propagation of image-bearing lightof the first light source through the optical element. The firstdiffraction means is arranged to release the image bearing light fromthe optical element. The apparatus further includes a second diffractionmeans for propagation of image-bearing light of the second light sourcethrough the optical element. The second diffraction means is arranged torelease the image bearing light from the optical element. The firstlight source and the second light source is disposed such that relativeangular movement of the first light source and the second light sourceabout an axis of symmetry of the optical element adjusts theinter-pupillary spacing of the first visible image and the secondvisible image presented to a respective eye of a user.

The optical element and the first diffraction means may have opticalpowers such that the released light provides a first visible image toone of the user's eyes. The optical element and the second diffractionmeans may have optical powers such that the released light provides asecond visible image to the other of the user's eyes.

Additionally, a head-mounted or helmet-mounted display apparatuscomprising an optical element which in use is disposed in front of aneye of a user and which is curved in both azimuth and elevation relativeto the eye and configured to operate as a waveguide, a source ofimage-bearing light, and diffraction means for propagation ofimage-bearing light through the optical element and for releasing theimage-bearing light from the optical element, optical element and thediffraction means having optical powers such that the released lightprovides a viable image to the user's eye.

As noted above, in many embodiments of the invention, the curved opticalelement may be a transparent element through which the user views theoutside world.

The image-bearing light may be introduced into the optical element forpropagation therethrough via an input reflective, diffractive ortransmissive element.

The diffraction means may comprise an input diffractive element and anoutput diffractive element.

At least the output diffractive element may have spherical optical powerin azimuth and elevation relative to the user's eye.

The spherical optical power may be provided by non-parallel diffractivefeatures of the output diffractive element.

The diffractive features may comprise a curved grating or other curveddiffractive component.

The output diffractive element may have an angular bandwidth which isless than the angular field of view of the visible image provided to theuser's eye, the angle of diffraction of the output diffractive elementvarying across the element so as to present the image to the user's eye.

Preferably an optical axis of a waveguide formed within the opticalelement lies in a plane containing a sagittal axis of symmetry of theoptical element and an eye of the user.

The source of image-bearing light may comprise a display panel and meansfor illuminating it, or a self-illuminating display panel.

Preferably the optical powers of optical element and the diffractionmeans are such that image bearing light passes from the image-bearinglight source to the input diffractive element of the diffraction meanswithout being acted upon by an element having optical power.

The apparatus may comprise further said diffraction means configuredwith the optical element to provide a visible image to the user's othereye.

The apparatus may comprise a respective image-bearing light source foreach diffraction means, the light source being dispersed such thatrelative angular movement of the light sources about an axis of symmetryof the optical element adjusts the inter-pupillary spacing of the imagespresented to the user's eyes.

Alternatively, there may be a common light source for each diffractionmeans, and means for switching the image-bearing light repeatedlybetween the first and further diffraction means whereby to provide avisible image to each of the user's eyes. The switching means may be aninput element which is common to the first and further diffractionmeans, and switchable between them.

The image-bearing light source may be configured to modify the imagesynchronously with switching of the image-bearing light whereby toprovide a pair of binocular images to the user's eyes.

The invention will now be described merely by way of example withreference to the accompanying drawings, wherein

FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1C and 1D show various forms of head-mounted apparatus, ofwhich FIG. 1A in prior art and FIGS. 1B, 1C and 1D are according to theinvention;

FIGS. 2A and 2B are diagrammatic side and front views of the embodimentof FIG. 1B, and FIG. 2C in a variation of the embodiment of FIG. 2B;

FIGS. 3A and 3B, and 4A, 4B and 4C illustrate a principle used in theinvention;

FIGS. 5A to 5D illustrate various embodiments of the invention;

FIGS. 6A, 6B, 7A and 7B explain features of the invention, FIGS. 6A and7A being prior art, and

FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrate further embodiments of the invention.

Referring to FIG. 1A, a soldier is shown wearing a helmet 10 having acurved visor 12, through which he views the outside world. Supportedfrom the helmet by structure not shown is a light source 14 from whichprojects upwards a flat slab-like waveguide 16, which is disposed underthe visor in front of the user's eye 18. An image from the source 14 ispropagated through the waveguide and diffracted out to the user's eye asa visible image. Whilst effective, this arrangement can be costly, andthe presence of the waveguide close to the user's eye can present ahazard.

In an embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 1B, part 20 of thecurved visor of the helmet is itself used as the waveguide. The lightsource 14 is shown here mounted outside the helmet, but it can be placedinside subject to space being available, and to it being located so asnot to present a hazard to the user.

This concept can be extended to cases where a protective helmet is notnecessary, or can be worn separately from the display apparatus. Thus inFIG. 1C, a pair of goggles, which can be worn alone or under a visorlesshelmet, comprises a curved visor 22, held onto the user's head by anelasticated strap 24. A portion 26 of the visor is configured to operateas a waveguide, receiving image-bearing light from a source 14 anddelivering it to the user's eye 18. Similarly in FIG. 1D, the curvedlens portions 28 of a pair of spectacles 30 include a waveguide portion32 driven by a light source 14 to deliver an image to the user's eye 18.

Referring to FIGS. 2A and 2B, the visor 12 of FIG. 1B comprises an inputdiffractive element or grating 34, an output diffractive element orgrating 36 angularly spaced from the input element vertically around thevisor. The waveguide portion 20 of the visor lies between the input andoutput diffractive elements. The light source 14 delivers image-bearinglight to the input element 34, from which it propagates through thewaveguide portion 20, under total internal reflection, to the outputelement 36 at thence is delivered to the user's eye 18. FIG. 2C shows apreferred arrangement in which the light source 14 is diagonally offsetaround the visor so that it is disposed above the other eye 38 of theuser. The waveguide portion, the axis of which is shown at 40 in FIG. 2Cpasses through an axis of symmetry 42 of the waveguide portion 20 of thevisor 14, lying in the mid-sagittal plane 43 of the user's head. Thevisor, at least in this region, is of spherical shape, and issymmetrical about the mid-sagittal plane 43. This allows the use of asingle continuous curved visor structure rather than having to deploy avisor made of several non-continuous surfaces. In addition tospherically shaped visors, the waveguide guide may have different radiiof curvature in azimuth and elevation.

The invention requires a pupil of image-bearing light to be conveyedfrom the image source to the user's eye. This is achieved bysupplementing the optical power inherent in the curvature of thewaveguide portion 20 of the visor 14 (it is of constant thicknessbetween parallel curved surfaces) with optical power in at least theoutput diffracting element 36, and if appropriate in the inputdiffracting element as well. In this embodiment, the extra optical poweris obtained by adding spherical power in the azimuthal plane of theoutput diffractive element 36 in front of the eye. Thus the sphericalpower is provided in both azimuth and elevation relative to the user'seye 18. Referring to FIG. 3A, here it is illustrated that a conventionalstraight-ruled grating 44 would not converge diffracting light to apupil at the user's eye. If the grating instead has increased sphericalpower, as showing at 46 in FIG. 3B, convergence to a pupil at the eye isachieved. The spherical power is provided by curving the grating lines48 upwards gradually across their length and varying their spacingrelative to the centre of the grating, thereby providing a diffractivecomponent orthogonally to the main sideways extent of the grating lines.

In more detail, FIG. 4A shows how the conventional grating 44 of FIG. 3Adiffracts parallel rays of light 45 incident anywhere on its surfacethrough the same angle so that they remain parallel after diffraction.In other words the grating has zero optical power (infinite focallength). In FIG. 4B, the grating lines 48 are curved upwards, whilstmaintaining the same even spacing as the grating lines 44 of FIG. 3A.Incident parallel rays remain parallel after diffraction when viewed inelevation as at 47, but are convergent when viewed in the azimuthalplane. When additionally the spacing of the grating lines is reduced asa function of the distance y from the horizontal centre line of thegrating (FIG. 4C), parallel incident rays also are convergent afterdiffraction in the elevational plane. Thus the grating can be givenspherical and/or cylindrical optical power.

By applying these principles to the grating lines of the output and/orinput diffractive elements 36, 34, these elements can be given opticalpower in either or both of the azimuthal and elevational planes (i.e.spherical and/or cylindrical optical power). The necessary curvature andspacing of the grating lines can be determined either by opticalcalculation methods or by iterative simulation. The portion 20 of thevisor which acts as a waveguide is of part-spherical shape and ofconstant thickness. It thereby has spherical optical power with respectto light propagating through it from the input to the output diffractiveelements. The optical powers of the waveguide and these two elements arechosen and combined using optical calculation methods or by iterativesimulation so that the elements 34, 20 and 36 behave as a lens system todeliver a visible image to the user's eye.

FIGS. 5A to 5D show various forms of image-generating light sourceswhich may be used in the invention. In FIG. 5A, light from a pointsource 50 passes through a beam splitter 52 to illuminate the surface ofa reflective display panel 54. Light reflected from the panel, nowimage-bearing, is reflected at the beam splitter through a focussinglens 60 to the input diffracting element 34 at thence to the user's eye18 as already described.

In FIG. 5B the display panel 54 is transmissive rather than reflective.Light from the source 50 passes through the display panel and the lens60 to the input diffracting element 34 as before.

In FIG. 5C the display panel 54 is self-illuminated. For example it maybe an organic light emitting diode matrix. Light from the display passesthrough the lens 60 to the input diffractive element 34.

In a preferred form of the invention, the functionality of the focussinglens 60 is achieved within the diffracting means 34, 36 and thewaveguide 20. For example the focussing power of the lens may beachieved in the input diffracting element 34. The complex optical powerof the lens system 60, which would otherwise be used to collimate theimage on the display panel 54 into the waveguide can be contained withinthe input diffracting element 34. Once again this is achieved throughthe use of a complex diffracting fringe structure that is not just aplane linear grating. The exact power required depends on the shape andform of the curved waveguide and the optical power contained within theoutput diffracting element 36. Regardless of the exact prescription ofthis optical power the structure once again contains curved fringes(grating lines) that allow for a bulk diffraction along the prime axisof the waveguide 20 but with a spherical component to give focussingpower. This spherical focussing component again curves the fringes togive an azimuth component of diffraction and also contains a variablepitch of fringe in the vertical axis to give a focussing component inthe elevation axis.

Then as shown in FIG. 5D, the lens 60 can be omitted, simplifying theoptical architecture and achieving apparatus of lower mass, volume andcomplexity.

A typical known flat waveguide display 62 (FIG. 6A) has the capabilityof allowing a wide field of view in the axis parallel to the diffractiveelement structure 64. However this waveguide is not pupil-forming andconsequently the edge 66 of the field of view does not fall usefullywithin the exit pupil 68 of the display. Also, an extremely largewaveguide would be required to avoid vignetting at the edge of the fieldof view, leading to difficulties in accommodating it within head orhelmet-mounted apparatus. In contrast the optical system of the presentinvention is pupil-forming, and so a compact display with a wide fieldof view can be provided as shown in FIG. 6B.

The present invention also can be advantageous in that it can beimplemented using only lower angular bandwidth gratings. FIG. 7A is anenlarged view of part of the prior art structure of FIG. 1A. An outputdiffraction element 70 of the slab waveguide 16 is required to have afull angular bandwidth φ at every point on the diffraction element ifrays 72 at the margins of the field of view are to be resolved withinthe compass of the user's eye. This brings with it the disadvantage thatextraneous light (for example, sunlight) passing through the waveguide16 from the outside world may couple into the diffractive element and bedirected to the user's eye. This can be distracting and may veil theuser's view of the display and of the outside world.

In the present invention, however, as shown in FIG. 7B, the outputdiffractive element 36 may be displaced from the pupil at the user'seye, so that each part of the diffractive element need have only arelatively narrow angular bandwidth θ centred around the angle at whichthat part of the element is required to diffract image-bearing light tothe user's eye 18. For example the region 74, 76, 78 of element 36 allhave the same angular bandwidth, but the spherical power of the element36 is such that each region diffracts light received from within thewaveguide 20 at a different angle so as to deliver it to the user's eye.Thus rays diffracted at region 74 are directed at an angle x to thenormal at the surface of the element 36, whereas rays diffracted atregion 78 are directed almost normally to the element surface. Rays atregion 76 are at an intermediate angle. By limiting the angularbandwidth of the diffractive elements in this manner, less solar energywill be coupled to the eye via the waveguide element.

The invention has so far been described in the context of presenting animage to one eye of the viewer. However it is well adapted for bi-ocularor binocular applications. Thus, FIG. 2C shows an embodiment in whichthe image source 14 and input diffracting element 34 are disposed overone eye of the user, and an image is transmitted to his other eye. Thearrangement can be replicated for the other eye as shown in FIG. 8,where an additional image source 80 provides image bearing light tofurther input and output gratings arranged to diffract the lightdiagonally through the central waveguiding part 20 of the visor andthence to the user's other eye 38. The propagation paths of the lightpassing to the user's eyes 18, 38 intersect on the axis of symmetry 42of the visor. By making the input and output diffractive elements ofeach path oversized and optimised, it is possible then to allow forrelative rotational movement of the light sources around the axis 42.This permits variations in the inter-pupillary distance (eye spacing) ofdifferent wearers of the same apparatus to be accommodated, asillustrated in exaggerated form in FIG. 8. This facility is particularlyuseful for helmet-mounted equipment which may be used by more than oneperson, for example by foot soldiers, or where the helmet has to bedonned quickly and not always into a repeatable position on the user'shead. The images delivered to the user's two eyes can be identical (i.e.a bi-ocular arrangement); this is suitable for the presentation of data.Alternatively, two slightly different images may be prevented (left eyeand right eye images) so as to provide a binocular or stereoscopic imagegiving an impression of depth. Such images for example can be obtainedin a night-vision system from a pair of helmet-mounted infra-redcameras. Alternatively, the image can be video or graphical informationsupplied from elsewhere.

FIG. 9 shows another embodiment which provides bi-ocular or binocularimages. There is a single image source 82, and a switchable inputdiffractive element 84 common to both left and right eye image systems.This element is positioned on the sagittal axis of the visor and hasextending from it waveguides 20 through the visor to respective rightand left eye output diffractive gratings 36, 36′. In a bi-oculararrangement, the image source provides continuous image-bearing light tothe input diffractive element 84. This element switches the lightbetween the left and right eye paths, typically at about 50-60 Hz toavoid flicker. An identical image thus is provided to both eyes. Forbinocular images, the image source 82 is switched in synchronisationwith the diffractive element 84, and provides slightly different imagesto each eye.

The invention also includes any novel features or construction offeatures herein disclosed, regardless of whether specifically claimed.The abstract is repeated here as part of the specification.

A helmet- or head-mounted apparatus has a visor or other curved opticalelement in front of at least one eye of a wearer, which element also isused as a waveguide. Image-bearing light is injected into the waveguidevia an input diffractive element, and propagates through the visor to anoutput diffractive element which releases the light. The optical powersof the curved waveguide and the input and output diffractive elementsare selected so that the released light is delivered as an image to theuser's eye.

What is claimed is:
 1. A head-mounted or helmet-mounted displayapparatus comprising: an optical element which in use is disposed infront of the eyes of a user, the optical element comprises a waveguideportion, the waveguide portion which in use is also disposed in front ofthe eyes of the user; a first moveable light source and a secondmoveable light source of image-bearing light, the first moveable lightsource and the second moveable light source being configured to moveabout an axis of symmetry of the optical element; an input elementconfigured to input the image-bearing light to the waveguide portion;and a first diffraction means for propagation of image-bearing light ofthe first light source through the waveguide portion, the firstdiffraction means being arranged to release the image bearing light fromthe waveguide portion, the waveguide portion having optical powers suchthat the released light provides a first visible image to one of theuser's eyes, a second diffraction means for propagation of image-bearinglight of the second light source through the waveguide portion, thesecond diffraction means being arranged to release the image bearinglight from the waveguide portion, the waveguide portion having opticalpowers such that the released light provides a second visible image tothe other of the user's eyes, the waveguide portion including the firstdiffraction means and the second diffraction means, the first moveablelight source and the second moveable light source being disposed suchthat relative angular movement of the first light source and the secondlight source about the axis of symmetry of the optical element adjuststhe inter-pupillary spacing of the first visible image and the secondvisible image presented to a respective eye of a user.
 2. The apparatusof claim 1, wherein the optical element is curved in both azimuth andelevation relative to the eyes of a user.
 3. The apparatus of claim 2,wherein each of the first diffraction means and the second diffractionmeans include grating lines including a curved diffractive componentarranged to converge the image-bearing light exiting the opticalelement.
 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein each of the firstdiffraction means and the second diffraction means includes an inputdiffractive element and an output diffractive element.
 5. The apparatusof claim 4, wherein at least the output diffractive element hasspherical optical power in azimuth and elevation relative to the eyes ofa user.
 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein spherical optical power isprovided by non-parallel diffractive features of the output diffractiveelement.
 7. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the output diffractiveelement has an angular bandwidth which is less than the angular field ofview of the first visible image or the second visible image which isprovided to a respective eye, the angle of diffraction of the outputdiffractive element varying across the element so as to present thefirst visible image or the second visible image to the respective eye.8. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein an optical axis of a waveguideformed within the optical element lies in a plane containing a sagittalaxis of symmetry of the optical element and the eyes of the user.
 9. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein the first moveable light source and thesecond moveable light source comprise a display panel and means forilluminating it, or a self-illuminating display panel.